Biology Lab for virtual school.. Lesson 1.04 Essay

When an object falls onto the surface, it has to push the water molecules apart. If the effect of the weight of the object is insufficient to match the attractive forces between molecules in the surface layer, the object will not enter the surface. Molecules of most detergents and soaps are long chain hydrocarbon molecules with an ionic group at one end, usually carrying a negative charge, thus making it an anion. www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/soap_bubles.html When the drop of detergent is added to the powdered surface, the initial effect is to draw the powder back to the edges very rapidly as the detergent molecules form their own surface layer with a lower surface tension than the water. As the detergent gradually mixes with the water, the powder begins to sink, and a needle will now pass through the surface with ease under its own weight. However, the calcium and magnesium salts of many detergent molecules are soluble, so detergents still lower the surface tension of hard water Edutech.boisestate.edu/snetsonc/examples/surface-tension_tutorial.html Hypothesis: If you add soap to water, than it will decrease the effect on the surface tension. Procedure: Control: Is the tap water Independent Variable: Is the soap Dependent Variable: Is the drops of soap you fit on the penny 1. I received a beaker filled with tap water. 2. I took a pipette and filled it up with water from the beaker. 3. I began to add drops of water to a penny, which was heads up, every one second from a height of  ½ centimeter and counting how many drops I had put on it. 4. After I added the drop that caused the water to flow over, I recorded how many drops stayed on the penny, and I then dried the penny with a paper towel. 5. I repeated steps two through four, four times. 6. I took 100 ml of water and poured it into a beaker. 7. I got 3 ml of soap. 8. I added the 3 ml of soap to the beaker and stirred the solution 40-50 times with a fresh pipette. 9. I filled the pipette with the soapy water solution and began to start adding drops of the solution to the same penny, from the distance of  ½ centimeter, at a rate of one drop per second. 10. After adding the drop that caused the soapy water to flow over, I recorded how many drops stayed on the penny, and I washed the penny under running Water And dried it with a paper towel. 11. I repeated steps nine and ten, four more times. Observations: The soap is thick and the penny is rough. The tap water latest longer than the soapy water Data: Drops of Tap and Soapy Water Added to a Penny Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Trail 4 Trail 5 Average Drops of Tap Water 35 28 11 15 39 25.5 Drops of Soapy Water 20 16 11 26 15 1.3 I got my average from using Microsoft Excel Conclusion: I have accepted my hypothesis because of the results of the data from this lab. In my hypothesis I stated that the surface tension of the tap water is higher than that of soapy water. My data supports this hypothesis because the average drops of tap water the penny could hold was 25.5 while the average drops of soapy water was 17.3 drops. This shows that soapy water has a lower surface tension, thus making it not able to hold as many drops of soapy water could on the penny. I noticed in my data that in trials 3 and 4 that the penny held more drops of soapy water than tap water. This was not in accord with my hypothesis, and I think it may have been due to a weakness in the experiment. When I used the pipette to suction water and then drop it onto the penny may not have been doing it exactly the same way each time. All in all, my experiment conducted that my hypothesis was correct Application This relates back to the way soapy water and tap water act in everyday situations. The soap causes the surface tension to be less than that of water so if you poured soapy water onto a kitchen counter the solution would disperse as broadly as it could over the entire counter. Tap water on the other hand when spilled on a counter will naturally try to come together in water colonies. The molecule sin the tap water will move towards each other and stack on top of each other thus leaving some parts of the counter dry and some parts with canals of water.

Romeo and Juliet Compare and Contrast

Compare and Contrast â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a story about two star crossed lovers who meet by fate. This great piece of literature written, by William Shakespeare will be compared with Baz Lurman’s rendition of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†. The movie missed some details from the play it also added some extra scenes but it still contained the right mood and scenes for it to be a â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† movie. A major similarity between the movie and play occurs in mood.An example of this is the marriage scene. In the marriage scene of the play, Romeo and Juliet act very serious. The reader can tell this by the way the two speak. Romeo says that the Holy Words the Friar speaks can make something without an equal which is a very intelligent thing to say. Similarly in the movie Romeo and Juliet both act serious. This is shown through there clothes, faces, and by the way they act. Romeo wears a suit, and Juliet wears a beautiful dress.Also you can tell by there faces that they look determined to get married and they both act very professional their not jumping around like 5 years olds their acting how people should be when they are getting married. A humongous difference between the play and movie is that Romeo is being chased by the police as he is making his way to Juliet’s resting place. In the play this never even happened he just got on a horse and went to the place. Lurman had to include put a chase in there, but that’s just one weird thing in this scene the other one is that Romeo takes a hostage because he gets surrounded by the police.This part was probably not expected by a lot people. Another deference is the ending of both the play and movie. In the play thinking that Juliet is dead, Romeo drinks some poison. When Juliet wakes up and discovering Romeo died she stabs herself with his dagger. They both lie next to each other, dead, and Juliet has yet another funeral, and Romeo has one too. Their families bury their differences and end their long feud. They also built a gold statue to honour Rome and Juliet.In contrast the movie ends with Romeo finding Juliet dead so he drinks the poison but this time Juliet wakes up: but Romeo has already drunken the poison so Juliet shoots her self in the head. Some people were not too happy about that. In conclusion the movie contained the necessary elements for it to be a fairly good adaptation of William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† but it missed details from the play and added a few details which may not be liked by all audiences. Both the play and movie are great.

NELP REPORT CHAPTER SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NELP REPORT CHAPTER SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS - Essay Example The research points out receptive and expressive skills. Receptive skills range from simple decoding to reading comprehension while expressive skills include spelling and composition. Further the analysis is divided into primary and secondary analyses. Primary analyses try to identify preschool and kindergarten predictors of conventional literacy skills. While secondary analyses are about the questions concerning the age of assessment for the predictor variable and the age of assessment for the measurement of the conventional literacy outcome variable. Since accuracy of statistics is not perfect therefore Confidence Interval is used to measure the estimate of accuracy. Data about different skills related to decoding reveal strong relationship for Alphabet Knowledge (AK) while moderate relation for Phonological Awareness (PA), oral language, ability to write and concept about print. The data about skills related to reading reveal moderate relationship for AK, print knowledge, PA and r apid naming while a low correlations for phonological STM, oral language, and writing. The data about skills related to spelling show an average correlation for concepts about print and PA skills, while moderate relationship was found for oral language skills, writing, phonological STM and rapid naming of objects or colors.

Trade Policy, Firm Behavior, and Economic Development in Vietnam Case Study

Trade Policy, Firm Behavior, and Economic Development in Vietnam - Case Study Example The key determinant of Vietnam’s trade policy is the 1986 Doi Moi Renovation Policy, which sought to shift the country from the left to a middle position in terms of economic and governance policy system. Under Doi Moi, the government has two positions; the first is to transform the economy from a centrally planned one to a free market economy and the second is to promote export oriented industries (Auffret 2). The transformation of the nation’s economy was done by the devalution of the currency, breaking state-owned monopolies, privatization and the development of trade policy instruments like tariffs, quotas and licensing. The nation also has mechanisms that seek to support export oriented industries like manufacturing industies. The nation has pegged its currency, the Dong to world market prices and it is fixed by the forces of demand and supply. Due to this, prices of goods and services are standardized. This makes it propitious for the elements of the market economy to function effecitvely and efficiently. Vietnam has a trade policy that supports the establisment of private sector companies. This is done through an incentive structure that utilizes tax discrimination to support some private ventures particularly export-oriented manufacturers (Athukoralan). With strengthened structures within the country, Vietnam seeks to expand its influence into other nations around the globe through multilateral and bilateral trade arrangements with other countries. These policies are meant to create a conducive atmosphere for international trade and also create an unending trend of demand for Vietnamese goods around the globe. Vietnam is a member of ASEAN which gives it economic links with its neigbhbors and causes it to follow the collective actions of these nations to protect national interests. It is also a member of the World Trade Organization which in turn

Evidence relating to family issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evidence relating to family issue - Essay Example The understanding of major concerns impinging upon these families: interactions or relationships with healthcare providers and social support are improved when they are defined as family weaknesses, resources, and evaluation within the perspective of the family systems theory. Of these models, family evaluation emphasises the essence of observing the family from the point of view of the family itself (Bengston, Acock, Allen, Dilworth-Anderson, & Klein, 2004). This approach will be used in the assessment of the single-mother and her family as well as the potential stress she may experience due to the demands of motherhood, work life and care giving. This particular assessment will be used in identifying the best strategies for coping and managing time that she and her family can apply. Involvement in the treatment procedure could be difficult for healthcare providers and families for various causes. Nurses supporting adults with dementia showed dissatisfaction working with elderly caregivers and sensed that these caregivers were more doubtful than others they assisted (Smith, Coleman & Bradshaw, 2002). Furthermore, nurses observed parents were opposed to adjustments when it was, in the belief of the nurse, are for the benefit of the client (Hanson, 2001). The single-mother, being in her early forties and being the primary caregiver of her father, may have problems dealing with support service providers. Furthermore, being a single-parent to three children she may resist proposed family adjustment strategies from the nurse/s. She will more likely refuse to change her coping strategies and time management because these adjustments mean adjustments in the entire family systems and processes. In addition to that, her mother refuses to acquire healthcare support for her father for the reason that her mother believes that it is her responsibility to take care of her

Popular culture in society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Popular culture in society - Essay Example Popular culture is necessary in the society (Gans 1999, p197). The importance of a popular culture should be looked in terms of what it means to the society. It has commercial, social, educational and economic importance to a society (Fedorak 2009, p95). The commercial benefits of the popular culture are enormous. This is because popular culture affects the fashion, movie industries and the styles of people. This is most profound among the youths. For instance, youths like wearing what is trending in the market. This way they feel relevant and accepted in the main stream society (Fedorak 2009, p55). Popular culture causes designers to come up with products that will impress the youths. This has caused some fashion and design industries to make massive profits (Gans 1999, p197). The nature of popular culture is that it keeps on changing, (Gans, 1999, p197). This means that it the designers have to dictate the pace of the products so that they can remain relevant. Some industries have ridden along the wave of popular culture to get developed and get established e.g. the movie industry. Some of the products that are significantly influenced by the popular culture are music, shoes and clothes (Fedorak 2009, p54). There are brands that a re released specifically for a certain season. This has also attracted job creation as many people get absorbed in such industries. Therefore, with regard to business and entrepreneurship, popular culture can impact the society positively (Gans 1999, p197). Most of the designs under the popular culture are not inspired by rationale or decency (Gans 1999, p17). Most of them are bent on what the people want, especially the youths. This has earned the popular culture a lot of criticism especially from the religious quarters (Fedorak 2009, p95). This is because it is seen as a threat to the conservative values and convictions. The nature of the popular culture is that it keeps on evolving, and

International Accounting Perspectives Coursework

International Accounting Perspectives - Coursework Example Being developed after an international consultation, international financial reporting standards are made after a due process. The standards are made through a process that consists of six stages. These includes setting the agenda, planning the project, developing and coming up with the discussion paper, developing and publishing the exposure draft, developing and publishing the standard and after the standard is issued. One of the major features of international financial standard includes fair presentation and complying with IFRS. This implies that all the transactions must be represented in a faithful manner. The income, expenses, liabilities and assets must be represented as outlined by the IFRS framework. The second feature of International Financial Reporting is that it ensures the principle of going on concern. This implies that financial statements must treat a business as a going on concern unless the owners want to cease trading or liquidate the company. Other key features of International Financial Reporting include offsetting, frequency of reporting, accrual basis of accounting, materiality, consistency of presentation and comparative information. One of the major goals of International Financial Reporting Standards is to provide guidance for the preparation of financial statement instead of setting rules that an industry is supposed to follow while it is reporting its financial position. It is worth to note that by use of International Financial Reporting Standards especially by firms operating globally, it is possible to emulate a reporting language that can be easily understood by auditors and investors. With more than 100 countries requiring all the public companies to apply the IFRS, the accounting policies globally will greatly improve by 2015. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) was formed in March 2001 in United States as a non profit firm. During the establishment of the organization, the purpose was

Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous by Berkeley Essay

Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous by Berkeley - Essay Example Further on I will explain the importance of both materialistic and immaterialistic explanations of the objects and trying to find the most persuading argument, either materialistic or sensual one. Part A The main argument of Berkley is that idealism refers to daily practices and is inconsistent with science, while materialism is focused on the identity of the object and is a trigger for studying the laws of nature. Hylas claims that different senses provide individuals with diversity of perceptions and knowledge about the one and the same thing. He is a materialist in his essence and throughout the dialogue he tries to persuade Philonus of the need to be closer to the matter and not to the wanderings of one’s mind. The unity of ideas about a particular thing is an integrative element for delving into the depth of the nature of things.. He introduces a character of Hylas, which is a materialist and Philonous, which is an immaterialist. Hylas claims that from a materialistic poi nt of view to see something with the help of the microscope is to see the same thing, which can be seen with the naked eye. Philonous opposes to him and argues that if to refer to our senses and emotions, we will see different things with and without microscopes. Still, the role of microscope cannot be denied. It plays a role of correlation of different perceptions of one thing. This is one of the strongest points suggested by Hylas. Further discussion between Hylas and Philonous concerns different perception of the word â€Å"same† for philosophers and linguists. Both interlocutors are not focused on the meaning of the word â€Å"same†. There is a deeper discussion about correlation of different perceptions of abstracted ideas of identity. Individuals may perceive diversity or identity in different abstract ideas. In case a correlation of different visions of one thing occurs, then idealistic and materialistic visions are correlated. In other words, empirical evidence found by the scientists refers to idealistic intentions. Both Hylas and Philonous establish the same connections, but for the former different visions of the object do not change its essence and for the latter different visions make the object different. Hylas claims that the naked eye and the microscope are two different means for perception of one thing. On the one hand, there is essence in different subjects and there is a limit of knowledge. Materialists refer to complex explanations and there is no need for this type of deep and profound interpretations, because matter transcends the limits of one’s knowledge. Thus, knowledge about the world cannot be deeper in case of complex knowledge about matter occurs. On the other hand, ideas of matter are opposed to unseen or unperceived ideas. There is a good question: whether these ideas consist of molecules and atoms? The laws of nature and their hidden sides are unseen and Berkeley claims that there are only some assertions t hat God defines. A measure between perceived and unperceived objects or ideas is vague. Philonous claims that different sensations are appropriate for existence of a real object. Moreover, these sensations assure individuals of existence of certain objects (example with a cherry). Berkley underlines that in case an object is unperceived, it does not exist for sure. In the same way he undermines theoretical developments of science. Berkley underlin

The real estate sector Essay Example for Free

The real estate sector Essay ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A project is never an individual effort of a person whose name has appeared on the cover page. A successful project requires proper guidance, proper time, energy, efforts, patience and knowledge. First of all I am deeply grateful to Dr. Manjula Shastri whose help, valuable suggestions, encouragement and guidance helped me in preparation and writing of the report. I want to thank the staff of Piyush Group who spends their valuable time to give me the important data regarding my project. I would also like to express my gratitude to everyone who gave me the possibility to complete my summer internship report. This Project has given me an insight of the Real Estate Industry and the competition between different Real Estate Group. The completion of the Project has made me aware of the Research Procedures and the complexities that can arose during the process. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In India, Real Estate business is believed to be a sale and purchase of the property on the market with the assistance of real estate brokers/agents. However with the entrant of large Real Estate Groups like PIYUSH, RPS INFINIA, DLF, ANSALS, SIKKA, OMAXE, SUPERTECH etc. the scenario has completely changed. The sector has now become well organized with the groups performing well in the sector. They are well established corporate who have  efficient marketing strategy for facing changing democratic and environmental scenario. Liberalization has given the real estate sector a very attractive approach for investment and growth. Moreover government has opened the path to FDI and Public Private Partnership (PPP) for major infrastructural and development projects in NCR. The NCR alone are the core of major real estate activity in India. Although infrastructure has been hit by rising input costs and delayed approvals, assest prices for residential real estate have recovered and grown over the past two years. The increase in residential assest prices have given to a prospective fizz, causing stagnation over the past two quarters. Various real estate players have the business strategy of capturing major market through their different commercial and residential projects in NCR (areas surrounding Delhi). Therefore cities like Faridabad, Noida and Gurgaon are the best place to live or to invest in it. TABLE OF CONTENT PARTICULARS Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement Executive Summary Objective and Scope of the Study Research Methodology Introduction Company Profile Current Scenario of Real Estate Business Growth Prospect of Real Estate Business in NCR The Major Players of Real Estate Business in NCR Competitive Analysis Conclusion Bibliography OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The aim of this summer internship project is the study of Real Estate Sector  in NCR with reference to Commercial and Residential Projects and what is it’s over all impact on the changing Indian economy .This project will also put light on a changing trend and new area developing for realtors in NCR region with their price components both launching and pre launching price of the property. Objective 1: To study the current project of Piyush Group Objective 2: To study the growth prospects of Real Estate Business in NCR. Objective 3: To understand how one should go about selecting the Real Estate Projects. Objective 4: To study and do the competitive analysis of Piyush Group SCOPE OF THE STUDY This research is important to prospective real estate investor, students, entrepreneurs and developers who are having stakes in different small and mid size project in NCR. This may be of special interest to marketing students who would like to know more about the practical step- by- step side of marketing world, rather than only the theoretical aspects taught in business schools Research Methodology The methodology which was opted for the project is as follows: 1. Description of the Research This research on will consist of exploratory research as well as conclusive research. It begins with a hypothesis, and to arrive at a conclusion, which includes secondary data as well as information from case data and questionnaire. 2. Data Collection Methods The Sources of secondary data that are used are Libraries resource center Internet Sites Books, News papers, Magazines Journal Trade promotion council Organization The method of primary data collection is Questionnaires Direct Interviews 3. Field work The fieldwork in this project consisted of data collection through taking the interviews and getting the questionnaires filled up. 4. Analysis Finally interpretation will be drawn from the analysis of the information gathered Primary Data Secondary Data Analysis and Findings of Data INTRODUCTION Real Estate is often inaccurately taken as a profession. However Real Estate is a business, not a profession. Profession applies science, act or learning to the use of others, the profit to the professor or person applying it being incidental while business is engaged in making profit and the profit is to the one who is engaged in the business. But whether real estate is a business or a profession has no connection at all with the body of ethics governing it. Every business can be conducted upon a plane ethically as high as the ideals of any profession, and the men who have been conspicuously successful in the real estate business have attained success because they have applied to their business the highest ideals of commercial fair dealing. This does not mean that there is any ethical requirement for the seller or the purchaser to give away anything which belongs to him, or for either one to disclose to the other his necessity for selling or his requirements for buying; but the barg ain having been made, it is absolutely necessary that it be lived up to by both parties, according to its intent; and, if there be any doubt of the intent of the bargain as it is expressed in writing, that the spirit of the transaction be carried out rather than that the catch words of a written instrument should govern. Cases are  frequent of men who to their own detriment perform the thing which they have promised to do although not legally obligated, and the bigger and more successful the man who makes the promise the more surely will it be carried out. Important obligations are often incurred upon the mere promise of a well-known man to sell an important piece of property at a definite price, although no legal and enforceable obligation exist; and the promise is always redeemed if it is made by a man who knows the business, and it is redeemed not merely from altruistic motives, but also for purely business reasons. Divisions of the business.—the principal divisions of the real estate business are investment, operation and agency. These differ from one another according to the aims of the persons engaging in them and the methods by which those persons expect to make their gains. To conduct either of the first two divisions of the business, investment or operation, actual money capital is required. The most important capital in the agency business is the good will of its customers, and that can be marketed, increased and made very valuable for investment. Investment is the employment of capital in the acquisition of real estate or interests therein for permanent ownership or actual use of the person acquiring it. Operation is the employment of capital in the acquisition or improvement of real estate or interests therein for commercial operations. Agency is dealing in or with real estate on behalf of others. Investment in real estate is generally made for either of two purposes : (a) To derive an income, (b) To hold for resale in expectancy of an increase in value. Investment for income may be for one of two purposes, (1) The derivation of rental—that is, the direct return for the use of real property for definite periods, or (2) The obtaining of income through others upon money lent on the security of real property. COMPANY PROFILE Piyush group has ventured into a wide range of aspects of Real Estate and construction. In the Indian real estate state of affairs, Piyush Group is indulged in development of Integrated Township, Group Housing Projects, and Commercial Mall.  In the world of Piyush Group people get to enjoy the Harmony of Nature, the culture and the people together. Piyush Group is a diversified group with a major presence in real estate development, construction and financial services. This group, has over two decades of experience, a strong technical base and financial standing was accorded the ISO 9001: 2000 certification. A recognition of its focus on international standards. Time bound delivery and top level quality is synonymous with this group which has a projected turnover of US $ 450 million. From integrated housing projects to commercial projects to business parks, Piyush group has ventured into various facets of real estate and construction. In the Indian real estate scenario, Piyush Group is involved in development of Integrated Township, Group Housing Projects, Commercial mall cum Multiplexes, Educational Institutions, Corporate and IT Projects. In Piyush Group, where the vistas are endless, we stands beacon like, leading the way and in the process make an effort to change the way people dream about their homes and establishments. Piyush Group visualizes a project in every major city of the National Capital Region (NCR). Residential Projects on the anvil include Integrated Townships in Palwal and Bhiwadi and a world class Group Housing Project (Piyush Heights) is under speed development spread over 17.5 acres (approx.) located at Sec 89, Faridabad. Commercial projects including Upcoming Business Park Global i being designed by the renowned architect Hafeez Contractor located on Mathura Road, Faridabad. With plenty more in the offering Piyush Group stands for its motto To deliver quality beyond ones expectations. Core Strength The core strength of Piyush Group is its experience professionals who bring in unique mix together of business and technology skills that help the group  to know business issues and opportunities and to achieve measurable output. In a very short period Piyush Group has made a mark. This achievement that Piyush Group has achieved is actually the sources of inspiration which keeps them going. The motto of their growth is to deliver quality beyond ones expectations and consider in keeping intact the essence of life as growth. Professionalism and awareness to detail, right from planning to implementation is an in-built quality of the entire team of qualified professionals that make up the most valuable resource of Piyush Group. Efficiency and Integrity is the keystone of this organization where energy of youth rubs shoulders with wealth of experience reflecting the creativity and progressiveness of the organization. The main strength of Piyush Group is their highly qualified and seasoned professionals, experts and advisors. They have an approach to provide real estate solutions sterns from pure professionalism, through knowledge of market trends, technical knows-how, utilization of world class construction methods and equipment. Piyush Group wealth is a rich vault of experience which grows with each new project implemented. Dedicated to details the gtoup covers every inch from planning to implementation to after sales. And periodically invest in research and development to keep updating the knowledge of consumer insight, technology and construction for an unmatched leverage in forecasting and planning for the future with hallmarked quality projects that meet expectations in designs, amenities and convenience. The efforts have earned the group recognition for international standards, globally. Vision Mission VISION: Piyush Group foresees to transform dreams into reality. Its vision is to create residential and commercial establishments across all stratum of society and eventually facilitate to excel in the essence of life! The endeavor is to develop the lives and aspirations of people and enhance their quality of life and work. MISSION: To regenerate the essence of life To provide to customers needs of today and to percieve and provide for tomorrows needs. To provide value for money high returns on investment. To focus on strategic growth through existing and forthcoming projects. To stick on to internationally accepted benchmarks in real estate development and construction Principles Guidelines The Essence of Life: The core fundamental principle that governs our endeavors. And which simply defined translates into following: To formulate a cohesive effort in improving and inspiration of people. To provide to the needs of today to predict and provide for the needs of tomorrow. To give value for money high returns on investment. To support the virtues of transparency in dealings, honesty and integrity. To build long lasting relationship with business partners, clients and customer. To generate innovative real estate projects via a unique blend of business acumen, technology skills. To deliver the epitome of high quality on a timely basis. To our customers before our projects and not vice versa. Piyush Group Projects Group Housing Piyush Heights Commercial – Piyush Business Park, Piyush Global I, Piyush Mahendra Metropolitan Mall Group Housing Group Housing 1) Piyush Heights: Overview: Envisaged as an amalgam of world class infrastructure and aesthetic environs this Group Housing project spread over 17.5 Acres (approx.) located at Sec 89, Faridabad offers a combination of 1086 apartments. Facilities like a fully equipped gymnasium, clubhouse, swimming pool, etc. are luxuries that come with the offering. This residential complex promises peace of mind with it’s hi-tech security, power backup and still parking space. Salient Features Being designed by leading architect M/S R.K Associates Green Area Exotic Landscaping and open area Provision for visitors Car parking Surrounded by Prominent Educational and Health Care institutes Building Design for earthquake resistance Parking in stills and open Why to invest One of the most talked about project in Faridabad. It is situated in the Heart of Greater Faridabad; only 5 minutes drive from proposed Noida express way. Nearly 8 kms from South Delhi Best of the amenities being provided at a very competitive price Bank loan facility available Lot of corporate houses employs have also invested in our project Bank Loan facility Available from: Can Fin Homes Ltd (sponsored by canara bank), Duestsche Bank, DHFL Commercial Projects 1) Piyush Global I Overview A symbol of dynamism and growth, Globai I is a world-class IT Project at Faridabad. From an incredible architectural style to the breathtaking views outside, working here in intended for people who seek to be associated with a vibrant community of like-minded individuals. Its hi-tech offices exude sophistication and elegance, and provide a fitting ambience for those who enjoy being in the midst of all the action. Stay ahead of competition. Work better. Meet deadlines earlier. Make smooth transactions a daily routine. And to its end, Global I offers varied infrastructure which makes all this easily possible. Salient Features Centralised Air conditioning (Bluestar) 12% assured return on investment Strategically located at the Main NH-2 Total area of 3, 50, 000 sq.ft. (Approx) Designed by the renowned architect, Hafeez Contractor Proximity to the upcoming metro station . Only 20 minutes from the proposed Noida Expressway 25 minutes drive from Delhi* Hassel-free working environment Health Club Spa Cafeteria Centralised RO water supply 3 level basement parking Designed on the pattern of environment friendly green building NH-2 going to six lane soon IMT Faridabad is just 5 min drive Approx. 1km drive from Commercial sector -12 ATM 2) Piyush Mahendra Metropolitan Mall (Commercial Project) Overview A Joint venture with Sh. Mahendra Pratap Singh (Cabinet Minister – Haryana Govt.) The world of fashion brands cuisines beckons you, now bigger and better. Piyush group presents a magnificent investment opportunity in the industrial city of Faridabad, The MetropolitanMall. Designed to be the finest corporate and retail destination, The Metropolitan Mall is perfect for those who wish to invest in this booming real estate market Salient Features Centrally air-conditioned Electrical Lighting System- Remote Controlled Heat reflective glass to reduce air conditioning costs Specifications as per international standards Designed as per Vaastu Feng Shui 24X7 security systems with CCTV Two level basement parking Fire Detection protection system. An ambience of multi specialty Cuisine Food Court . Piyush Mall is surrounded by artfully landscaped natural green environment. Situated in heart of Residential area Very good location as NIT and other residential area is nearyby 3) Piyush Business Park Overview A new era in the Business World , Piyush Business Park is being designed by the world-renowned Architect Hafeez Contractor. Piyush Business Park has architectural marvel in glass and steel will be spread over an area of 2 lakhs sq. ft (approx.). and will be located on the Main Mathura Road, NH-2, Faridabad as figured in the road map displayed below. This business location promises to be the destination of corporate and business houses and will be  an amalgam of serenity and modernity. Piyush Business Park, a new ultra modern design of architecture consists of eight floors surrounded by artfully landscaped greenery with common basement two level parking for nearly three hundred vehicles. It will house MNCs like Insurance, Banking, FMCG, Consutling IT/ITES etc. The platforms and infrastructure supporting services are being carefully engineered and designed to provide the best quality of service at the highest levels of availability and in harmony with customer expectations and global standards. Quality construction material is being used which includes tiled floor finishes, stone countertops throughout the area. Piyush Business Parks will thus provide the most extensive and comprehensive portfolio of structured connectivity solutions available in the market today. Salient Features Electrical Lighting System- Remote Controlled. Heat reflective glass to reduce air conditioning costs. Specifications as per international standards. Designed as per Vaastu feng Shui . Hi-Tech commercial arena and world class futuristic amenities. 24X7 security systems with CCTV. Two level basement parking. Fire Detection protection system. An ambience of multi speciality Cuisine Food Court. Business Park Surrounded by artfully landscaped natural green environment. Dedicated space for auto car showroom Proposed Metro connectivity NH-2 going to six lane soon Current Scenario of Real Estate Business The crucial sector of our economy is the real estate sector as it has huge multiplier effect on the economy and therefore it is known as the big driver for economic growth. After agriculture, real estate sector is the second largest employment generating sector. It is growing at a rate of about 20%  per annum and this sector has been contributing about 5-6% to India’s GDP. Apart from generating a high level of direct employment the sector also stimulates the demand in over 250 ancillary industries such as cement, steel, paint, brick, building materials, consumer durables and so on. Since 2005, the Indian real estate industry has been on a roller coaster ride. There has been a boom in investment and developmental activities after the government’s policy of allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in real estate sector. The sector has witnessed the entry of many new domestic realty players and also the arrival of many foreign real estate investment companies including private equity funds, pension funds and development companies entered the sector lured by the high returns on investments. The real estate sector has also been through many highs and lows. The industry achieved new heights during 2007 and early 2008. In beginning of 2007, there was formidable growth in demand, substantial development and increased foreign investments. However, by mid 2008, industry took a ‘U’ turn due to the global economic slowdown and inflow of FDI into real estate dropped significantly which at one point of time was seen as one of the most promising markets for foreign investments experienced a downturn. Financial Support to the Sector FDIs attracted by the housing and real estate sector in the Financial Years 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10 are 8.9%, 10.3% and 11% respectively, of the total FDI in India. However the financial year 2010-11 there was sheer 6% FDI in the sector. In the year 2010 the Indian real estate sector regained its charm after the darkness and recessionary pressures experienced in the year of global downturn. With the aim of focussing on ‘affordable housing’ the sector has crunched the financial downturn it has experienced. The sector still has the huge potential to attract FDI in its various segments. The focus on ‘affordable housing’ helped the sector tide over the financial crunch it had witnessed. There is no doubt that the sector holds huge potential to attract FDI in its various segments. The real estate sector requires joint support from both industrial sector and the Government to make further progress. On the one hand, the industry should work towards increased transparency, clear land titles, improved delivery and project execution while on the other hand the Government must provide fiscal  incentives to developers to build low cost and affordable housing for the masses and also review the existing FDI guidelines for investment and development in Indian real estate so that there can be an increase in the flow of foreign capital into the sector. Challenges faced by the Real Estate Industry The challenges that are faced by Indian real estate industry are as follows: Lack of clear land titles, Absence of title insurance, Absence of industry status, Lack of adequate sources of finance, Shortage of labour, Rising manpower and material costs, Approvals and procedural difficulties. Traditionally Real Estate sector was unorganized nowadays it is slowly evolving into a more organised one as the sector has started embracing professional standards and transparency with open arms. The Indian Real Estate sector has both majorly established domestic players and international players. Some of the examples of the major established domestic players in the sector are DLF, Unitech, Hiranandani Constructions, Tata Housing, Godrej Properties, Omaxe, Parsvanath, Raheja Developers, Ansal Properties and Infrastructure and Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd to name a few. International players like Hines, Tishman Speyer, Emaar Properties, Ascendas, Capitaland, Portman Holdings and Homex have made a name for themselves in India. The Road Ahead Since real estate reaching a point of saturation in developed countries and the demand and prices falling, global real estate players are looking at emerging economies such as India for tapping opportunities in real estate. Therefore Indian Real Estate Sector has a huge potential of consistent FDIs. As India has strong economic fundamentals and demographic factors so Indian real estate will stay attractive and also there is a high level of global uncertainty looming over the developed and developing nations of the world. Developed economies are still struggling to regain their growth momentum  which will allow developing countries including India and China to grow at a reasonably high rate. The opportunities in Real Estate sector in coming years will also help to attract global players to India and hence will assist the industry to mature become more transparent, improve management and adopt advanced construction techniques (Link 1). Growth prospect of Real Estate Business in NCR Real Estate business in NCR which is witnessing a setback these days will regain its lost momentum with the boost in the economy. Government is taking measures to capitalize on the capabilities of the real estate and infrastructure sector by supporting the private public partnership (PPP) model not only to boost the infrastructural activities in NCR also to bring back growth and to deliver to its citizens. The strategy involves contributions from public and private sector which will revamp the city’s environs. NCR is seemed popular as an investment destination as the destinations like Connaught place is emerged as the fourth costliest commercial office market in the world. Moreover the rental values in central business district (CBD) rose by 20 percent in one year mainly due to lack of availability of quality space, no new supply prevailing high demand. Commercial activity apart from Delhi CBD is mainly concentrated in the prominent locations of NCR (mainly in Faridabad, Noida and Gurgaon) enjoys superiority as a choice of business destinations. In addition to above, the new and the upcoming corridors along Gurgaon and Noida like Yamuna Expressway, Noida Expressway, Dwarka Expressway have led to tremendous increase in the Real Estate Projects both commercial and residential from all major real estate groups in the past few months and will continue to attract more players of real estate. The other major corridors like Faridabad-Noida-Gurgaon (FNG) Expressway, Southern Peripheral Road and Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway are seeing prominent real estate projects developments and their popularity will also lead to more investment in NCR. Capital value of the residential realty market has also increased due to factors like amenities, travel time to commercial districts, connectivity to various parts of the city and quality of public transport and infrastructure. There has been 14 to 29 percent appreciation in residential property market of South-East Delhi, South-Central, Gurgaon and Faridabad in  a year. Rent is also showing stability across all markets in the last quarter (Link 2). Why Faridabad has a Greater Scope for Realty development Faridabad, an industrial hub of Haryana, is now considered one of the best bets for safe living in the NCR. With improving infrastructure, Faridabad has transformed into a booming economic warehouse, and, a recent study has projected this old industrial city as the countrys city of the decade 2011-21 (Link 3). Bibliography (1) http://www.ficci.com/sector/59/Project_docs/real-eastate-profile.pdf (2)http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-05/news/38306514_1_realty-market-noida-expressway-dwarka-expressway (3)http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-01/news/33535418_1_ncr-cities-service-industries-medium-and-large-industries

The Doom of the American Dream Essay Example for Free

The Doom of the American Dream Essay The United States in the 1960’s was going through hard events. Many things happened in this decade like The Vietnam War, that was going on for a while and it affected most people in the U. S. The Cold War was also going on, but people were mostly worried about the Vietnam War. Pres John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy where assassinated in the 1960’s. Martin Luther King was also assassinated, and the whole country went on chaos. The baby boom’s 70 million children became teenagers and young adults in this decade. The Civil Rights Act was amended to include females. So many things were happening, but the main problem going on was the addiction with drugs and alcohol. There are many literature works coming from this decade, and all reflects to what was going on in that time, like the book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream written by Hunter S. Thompson. Hunter talks about his journey to Las Vegas and it reflects what was going on in the country. The United States in the 1960’s was falling apart is what is being present in Hunter’s book. Hunter S. Thompson believed he had the talent to become a writer and he wrote every day. He was really upset by the death of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy because he really believed in them and he called them his guys. After he was in the Chicago’s Democratic Convention where he saw people getting beat, he had the idea that the American Dream was vanishing. He had no time to think about writing this idea of the American Dream because he decided to run for Sheriff of Pitkin County, Colorado, his campaign adopted the name of the Freak Power. He lost the election and then he really knew that the American Dream was dead, at least that is what he thought. A while later he had to go to Las Vegas to cover the Mint 40, a motorcycle race. Hunter spent some time in Las Vegas as he discovered that the heart of the American Dream happened to be there, and he went on the search for it. The idea he had about this is what the book it’s all about, the subtitle says it all â€Å"A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. † Hunter’s book is in the category of nonfiction/journalism. The book goes in chronological order with all the events that happened while Hunter was in Las Vegas. In his book he starts by going to the Mint 40, and all his crazy adventures with drugs and alcohol. He disobeyed all the laws he could think of, and he was in constant paranoid. This was a good thing because it reflected how bad the country status was. After all the trouble he causes he wants to leave, but he stayed to cover a Drug Convention in a hotel in Las Vegas. After the Drug Convention, and before leaving, he went on the hunt for the American Dream. He stops at a fast food restaurant where he asks where he can find the American Dream and he is sent to an old Psychiatrist’s Club â€Å"The owner of a gas station across the road said the place had ‘burned down about three years ago. ’† This only proves that the American Dream is dead, even if it was just a causality that he was sent to that particular place. At the end he lives Las Vegas and ends somewhere else to keep living his life. There are many characteristics that express this period of time 1960’s their people and places; one of them is no rules, out of control. There are many examples in the book to prove this right like drugs, alcohol, guns, and leaving the hotels without paying, all over the book. It all starts in the beginning of the book where he starts talking about all the drugs that they got for their trip to Las Vegas, â€Å"Getting hold of the drugs had been no problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12) On one of his flashbacks he remembered a night in San Francisco, â€Å"’All this white stuff on my sleeve is LSD. ’ He said nothing. Merely grabbed my arm and began sucking on it. †(66) it’s really crazy to know that this really happened. When he was trying to leave Las Vegas for the first time, he end up with a gun and start to think what he would say if he gets caught with it, â€Å"A good. 357 is a hard thing to get, these days. So I figured, well, just get this bugger back Malibu, and it’s mine. My risk—my gun: it made perfect sense. †(71) Things like these happened throughout the book and it got worse and worse, like the time where he tried this new drug and took too much of it even when his attorney told him not to, he was paralyzed for a while, â€Å"You took too much. You’re about to explode. Jesus, look at your face! †(133) These kind of problems with drugs, not only happened to Hunter because it was also on the news he read and wrote in his book, â€Å"Doctors said Friday they were uncertain whether surgery would succeed in restoring the eyesight of a young man who pulled out his eyes while suffering the effects of a drug overdose in a jail cell. † (101) Another example for this characteristic is the fact that they stayed at two different hotels in Las Vegas without money. In both hotels they left without paying, but first they destroyed the room; â€Å"We had ordered everything into that room that human hands could carry—including about six hundred bard of translucent Neutrogena soap. † (70) When he tried to leave the first hotel he was freaking out, while waiting for the carboy to arrive â€Å"The Shark! Where was it? I tossed the paper aside and began to pace. Losing control. I felt my whole act slipping†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (75) On the second hotel he did the same thing, he lied to get away by saying he was a Doctor of Journalism. A second characteristic is the lost generation. The first young adult they met appears at the beginning of the book they never got his name, but they called him hitchhiker. The hitchhiker got in the car and kept quiet as he listened to all the nonsense from Hunters and his attorney, a couple of miles later he decided to run away, â€Å"His feet hit the asphalt abnd he started running back towards Baker. Out in the middle of the desert, not a tree in sight. † (19) The second young adult they met in this trip was Lucy. A young girl that Hunter’s attorney met on the plane to Las Vegas and gave her drugs, then took advantage of her; â€Å"She’s running away from home for something like the fifth time in six months. †(114) They knew what they did was bad and they tried to get rid of Lucy. What were two young adults doing away from home like the hitchhiker and Lucy? This only shows that parents didn’t have the control on their kids, mainly on young adults that run away searching for something only they know or at least hope to find. Another characteristic is paranoid and fear, this is in several pages just like the drugs and alcohol. They knew they were breaking the law, even though they didn’t care they were still afraid of getting caught. Like when they tried to get rid of Lucy as soon as possible, he thought of all the things that could happen to him, â€Å"What would happen to this poor wretch when we cut her loose? Jail? White slavery? † (117) He got really nervous when Lucy called their room after they thought they got rid of her, he imagined being in court and that they would all believe the innocent Lucy. Or when they left the first hotel and Hunter was afraid of being followed, â€Å"BOOM, Flashing paranoia. What kind of rat-bastard psychotic would play that son—right not, at this moment? Has somebody followed me here? † (85) Lastly power seeking, all authority figures and trying to be someone important is a strong characteristic in the book. Like a man that even though he was a police officer he didn’t get the respect he wanted, when Hunter arrived the hotel and got his room everybody where astonished. â€Å"They were stupid with shock. Here they were arguing with every piece of leverage they could command, for a room they’d already paid for—and suddenly their whole act gets side-swiped by some crusty drifter who lloks like something out of an upper-Michigan hobo jungle. † (108) Also, through the book Hunter would use identities that weren’t his, like Doctor of Journalism, police officer, or that they were undercover detectives, all to just get away with what they wanted. Even at the end to get drugs, â€Å"I jerked out my wallet and let her see the police badge while I flipped through the deck until I located my Ecclesiastical Discount Card—which identifies me as a Doctor of Divinity, a certified Minister of the Church of the New Truth. † (203) this part is a little ironic because of what it says and what he is trying to get with it. The United States being presented in Hunter’s work is really unbelievable; at least it is compared to now in the year 2008. In the book all the people were divided in two, the good guys and the bad guys. But the good guys were ten years behind the bad guys and of what they are trying to stop, â€Å"†¦and all I learned was that the National District Attorneys’ Association is about ten years behind the grim truth and harsh kinetic realities of what they have only just recently learned to call â€Å"the Drug Culture† in this foul year of Our Lord, 1971. †(201) He good guys are going to take a really long time to stop this and there’s nothing they can do, just like in the essay â€Å"Drugs† by Gore Vidal, is hard to stop something like drug addiction that has been going on for quite a time. Another essay like â€Å"Cultural Critique† by Anthony Burgess, a foreign man that spend some time in the United States and wrote this essay saying how bad was the U. S. he noticed that the country is in a bad shape, but what I like about this essay and what I agree with is that the country is still young and growing up because it is being reflect now almost 50 years later. After all the time of confusion and chaos there finally a little peace today, except for the war in Iraq. Maybe we have learned from our past mistakes because even though drug is a big thing today too, I feel it is not as bad as it used to be before. I see the 1960’s as a bad decade, but also fun at the same time because the country being so young it was easy to get away with anything; not like today that you get caught for anything. I wish I could have lived in that decade because I would have had fun, not with drugs, but with not paying hotel bill and driving nice cars. I could have been anything like a police officer and nobody would have notice I’m lying. Also, even thought the book reflects the American Dream dead, for me and many others think otherwise now-a-days with our new future president being elected, Obama. Obama represent hope in times like these that reflects a little what was going on in the 1960’s, hope that everything will get better, the hope that its retaining young adults from confusion. A president that is half African-American, it reflects that also racism is being left begin. Hopefully the 1960’s will be more than a bad/fun decade, because we have to learn from our mistakes like we have been doing, â€Å"a generation of permanent cripples, failed seekers, who never understood the essential old-mystic fallacy of the Acid-Culture: the desperate assumption that somebody—or at least some foce—is tending that Light at the end of the tunnel.

The Five Elements Of Emotional Intelligence Psychology Essay

The Five Elements Of Emotional Intelligence Psychology Essay Emotional intelligence is the area of cognitive ability involving traits and social skills that facilitate interpersonal behaviour. Intelligence can be broadly defined as the capacity for goal-oriented adaptive behaviour; emotional intelligence focuses on the aspects of intelligence that govern self-knowledge and social adaptation (Rouse, M. 2010, online) In this essay I will be exploring emotional intelligence. I hope to gain an understanding of the five elements of emotional intelligence, how to improve your emotional intelligence and the role it plays in the workplace. I feel it is important, especially as a Social Care student, to understand emotional intelligence and its characteristics, as I will be constantly working with other people. I chose those headings as I feel they are the most appropriate to my future line of work and it would be beneficial to me to understand them at a deeper level. I hope to present a clear, well structured essay on emotional intelligence and provide an insight into how it shapes the people we are. Main body The five elements of emotional intelligence An American psychologist called Daniel Goleman developed a framework that defined emotional intelligence using five elements. The first element is self awareness. People with high emotional intelligence understand their emotions and can control their feelings and are comfortable with who they are. They are aware of what their strengths and weaknesses are and are confident as they trust their intuition. (Mind Tools, 2012) The second element is self regulation. Self regulation is the ability to control your emotions and not act impulsively. People who are able to regulate themselves dont allow themselves to get too angry, worked up, stressed, jealous or impulsive. They generally think before they act, and are able to say no to situations they dont feel comfortable with. (Mind Tools, 2012) The third element is motivation. People with high emotional intelligence are generally highly motivated. They can stay focused on a long-term task in order to see results. They are highly productive and love being challenged. (Mind Tools, 2012) The fourth element is empathy. Empathy is the ability to recognise and understand the feelings and viewpoints of others, even if they are different to your own feelings or viewpoint. Empathetic people can also identify feelings in others when they may not be very obvious. Because of this, those who can empathise can manage relationships, are excellent listeners, dont stereotype or judge and live openly and honestly. (Mind Tools, 2012) The fifth element is social skills. Those with good social skills are easy to talk to and usually come across as team players. They will typically help others to succeed before focusing on their own success. They are good at building and maintaining relationships, can manage disputes and are confident communicators. (Mind Tools, 2012) What the above list describes is a person who can manage their emotions and needs less cognitive strain to deal with personal issues. An individual with high emotional intelligence tends to avoid negative, self destructive behaviour such as excessive drinking, drug use, smoking and violent interactions with others. (Mayer, JD. Salovey, P. Caruso, D.R 2004). How to improve your emotional intelligence It takes more than just understanding the five elements of emotional intelligence to improve yours. Your emotional intelligence is a life long journey that is being developed and improved constantly through practice and encountering new situations, learning to control your emotions better, learning how to identify the emotions and needs of others, while depending on motivation, empathy and social skills to build stable relationships. (Lauber, D. 2010) To improve your self-awareness and self-regulation in order to improve your emotional intelligence, the key is to identify the emotion you are feeling and make a choice as to how to deal with the emotion appropriately. (Lauber, D. 2010) Motivation is an important characteristic of those with high emotional intelligence. It is the individuals want to succeed beyond their expectations. Some people find it hard to keep themselves motivated if they are not interested or passionate about the task at hand. Those with high emotional intelligence work in areas they are passionate about and desire to succeed; they push the boundaries to learn new skills all the time. If you find yourself working in a job that you dont feel passionate about, consider finding the right job. If leaving that job isnt an option for you, find a new hobby or activity that consumes all your interest and passion, one that will make you feel fulfilled. Set out a list of goals and aim to meet them. (Lauber, D. 2010) Empathy is a very important trait to have, especially for those going into social care. It is the ability to understand peoples feelings and seeing things from their point of view. It can be a difficult trait to improve upon. It involves becoming a deep listener to others, reflecting back with others on what they have disclosed, and taking the time to step back and try to understand others perspectives. (Lubar, D.2010) Social skills are obtained by having a good grasp of self-awareness, self-regulation and empathy. Improving your social skills could involve being aware of your subconscious communication, ie body language. Some people arent aware of how much they give away without realising, through their body language, and this can cause problems, as negative body language is easily noticed. Empathy can help you to realise peoples boundaries and know what is and what isnt appropriate to say or do. I think it is clear from the above list that obtaining high emotional intelligence can help individuals have a happier life. I say this because it would be easier for the individual to speak to others, and also understand why people react they way they do to certain things. I can imagine it would be confusing, and perhaps upsetting for someone to not know why someone gets upset or angry over a situation. I can understand now why those with high emotional intelligence can manage relationships better than those with lower emotional intelligence. The importance of emotional intelligence in the workplace The term emotional intelligence is a term that is being used more and more frequently within human resource departments. Employers are looking for employees with high emotional intelligence, seeing it as more important than personality and even IQ. The difference between emotional intelligence and personality is that personality influences a persons tendencies and behaviours, while emotional intelligence can identify the individuals pattern of thinking and allow them to make appropriate, sound decisions. (ZeroRiskHR.com, 2012, online) An employee with high emotional intelligence can communicate well with others, can cope with change, can manage their feelings and impulses, can stay calm in stressful situations, have empathy, remain optimistic in the face of adversity and can manage customer complaints. I was a bit shocked to learn that emotional intelligence was such an important aspect of employment, especially learning that it was more important than IQ and personality. I can understand why it would be important in the workplace, but never thought it was to that extent. If there are people working in a job that requires them to work with other people, I think it is very important they have high emotional intelligence, otherwise people can be left feeling uncomfortable or offended, even by accident. Conclusion Having identified the five elements of emotional intelligence, how to improve your emotional intelligence and the importance of emotional intelligence in the workplace, I feel I have gained an insight into its importance in everyday life. I thought it was particularly interesting to find out that employers look for emotional intelligence over personality, although it does make a lot of sense. I also found it interesting that emotional intelligence is something you can build and develop, it isnt something you are either born with or not. I dont see any harm in people always trying to improve their emotional intelligence, even if they consider themselves as someone with high emotional intelligence. On reading the online forums on Moodle, I noticed that a lot of the focus was put on empathy, self-regulation and motivation. Not that many seemed to connect self-awareness and social skills to emotional intelligence. I would have liked to go into the different elements in more detail as I thought it was very interesting that all those little parts of everyday life joins together to make a big chunk of who we are.

Short Story Writers :: Writers Literature Fusco Essays

Short Story Writers "And then I woke up."Thus goes the kind of "trick ending" that every first year writing student is told to avoid, a mark of cheap theatrics and poor craftsmanship.Historically, this kind of ending is often associated with Guy de Maupassant, the prolific French writer of the 19th century, or his 20th century American heir apparent, O. Henry (William S. Porter).In this well researched and at moments insightful book, Richard Fusco argues that Maupassant's bad rap as first and foremost the inventor and disseminator of the "trick ending" is undeserved.What Fusco feels Maupassant does deserve is recognition as perhaps the single most important influence on American short story writers of the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly Ambrose Bierce, Kate Chopin, Henry James, and of course O. Henry.However, even as Fusco's readings of these writers are laudable in their thoroughness (with the exception of his treatment of O. Henry), his overall argument seems finally too dependent on an understanding of "trick ending" which does not make necessary distinctions, and is therefore superficial enough to accommodate nearly any writer one cares to name. Not that Fusco doesn't differentiate between types of trick endings.In fact, he develops his own seven categories of stories--from the simplest (linear) to most complex (sinusoidal)--based on their varying "placement and number of discovery points for the reader."The first two chapters, where Fusco limits himself to a thorough and interesting analysis of narrative structure in Maupassant, are the best of the book.However, in shifting his terms from "trick endings" to "discovery points," Fusco deprives his argument of its specificity and thus its power. To cite one example: Fusco argues that Maupassant and Bierce were similar in that they "favored fictive structures that depended on last-second, ironic reversals in the reader's perception."He then uses this theorized similarity to compare Maupassant's much-anthologized "The Necklace" to the that of Bierce's equally popular "Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge."In analyzing these (and other) stories by the two writers, Fusco uses Poe's "unity of effect" as a synonym for "discovery point" (which is in itself too reductionist a reading of what Poe meant).However, unity of effect for Maupassant in "The Necklace" is utterly dependent on information unavailable to the reader, i.e., that the necklace is paste, and thus the reader's "discovery" depends entirely on an absence, a trick of concealment, as in a "bad" murder mystery.In "Owl Creek," on the other hand, one need only read closely in the section where Peyton first falls from the bridge (and, in reality, dies) to obtain all the informatio n necessary to correctly interpret the rest of the story as an hallucination.

Women in Management of Grief and A Pair of Tickets Essay -- Women Imag

Women in Management of Grief and A Pair of Tickets Both Management of Grief and A Pair of Tickets were written by women and about women. Authors were able to portray an image of women which differs from the traditional, stereotypical literary image of feeble and delicate creatures who needed to be cared for. Women in these stories were faced with horrible tragedies, but the determining element in their experience was not so much what happened to them but how they took it. After reading first few pages of Management of Grief one may see Shaila as "traditional" Indian woman who due to her upbringing was not even comfortable enough with her own husband: "I was too much the well brought up woman. I was so well brought up I never felt comfortable calling my husband by his first name" (Mukherjee 537). For a person who grew up in North American society this revelation may seem to come from an oppressed female, but later on in the story we learn that protagonist could stand up for herself and for other women, like in the airport incident. There again we were reminded of the way she was brought up: "Once upon a time we were well brought up women; we were dutiful wives who kept our heads veiled, our voices shy and sweet" (543). Only this time the statement is ironic. Shaila's actions show us that she is far from the voiceless, week female she was brought up to be. Shaila was not responsible for her own heredity. She could not control much of her environment ...

Calorimetry Essay

The purpose of this experiment was to find the specific heat formation of magnesium oxide by combining the two heat reactants using Hess’s Law. The purpose was also to measure the delta T which was the final temperature minus the initial temperature of the solution. The claim made was, based on the expected heat formation value found in magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid, the experimental enthalpy was much closer to the expected value in comparison the magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid. The equations used in this experiment were 1. MG(s)+2HCl(aq)= MgCl2(aq)+ H2(g) 2. MgO(s)+2HCl(aq)=MgCl(aq)+H2O(l) 3. H2(g) +1/2O2(g)=H2O(l). We combined the listed equations we cancelled certain values using Hess’s Law to form magnesium oxide, Mg(s)+1/2O2(aq)=MgO(s). The experimental heat formation of magnesium oxide is -467.684 kJ/mol. Based on the results found, using the correlation coefficient (R2) and the maximum value of temperature final (which was found to be 70.934) we found the correlation between the trend lines (expected) to the experimental. Based on the data found this information supported our claim. There may have been several errors in the experiment one error may have been the lack of recording on time, meaning the stop watch was started later in the reaction. Another reason for error was the lack of taking the first trials measurement forcing us to estimate a mass which through off the results of the experiment in a whole. The final reason for error was not all of the magnesium oxide that was measured was experimented. These error sources listed above, may cause numerous problems for example the estimated mass for the first trial cause the results to skew, giving us a large error percentage of -21% if this trial was taken out the error percentage would be much lower. The stop watch did not start at the same time of the experiment which may cause an increase in the error percentage as well; due to this fault the temperature final would be much higher. The last error was the loss of product (magnesium oxide); this interfered with the experiment for the reason that based on what was expected (-601.24 kJ/mol) and what was experimented -141.990 kJ/mol was a much lower value.

Services

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright  © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 2-2 Variations of the Gaps Model Five Service Quality Gaps Variations of the Gaps Model Six Service Quality Gaps Variations of the Gaps Model 13 Service Quality Gaps (Gaps Model gone wild) Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality ? The Customer Gap ? (Sometimes referred to as Gap 5) 2 ? The Provider Gaps: ? Gap 1 – The Listening Gap ? not knowing what customers expect Gap 2 – The Service Design and Standards Gap ? not having the right service designs and standards ? Gap 3 – The Service Performance Gap ? not delivering to service standards ? Gap 4 – The Communication Gap ? not matching performance to promises ? Putting It All Together: Closing the Gaps 2-6 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 †¢ The Customer Gap Chapter 3 – Customer Expectations of Service Chapter 4 – Customer Perceptions of Service 2-7 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 Gap 1 – Not Knowing What Customers Expect (The Knowledge Gap) Chapter 5 – Listening to Customers through Research Chapter 6 – Building Customer Relationships Chapter 7 – Service Recovery 2-8 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 †¢ Gap 2 – Not Having the Right Service Quality Designs and Standards (The Service Design and Standards Gap) Chapter 8 – Service Innovation and Design Chapter 9– Customer-Defined Service Standards Chapter 10 – Physical Evidence and the Servicescape 2-9 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2Gap 3 – Not Delivering to Service Standards (The Service Performance Gap) Chapter 11 – Employees’ Roles in Service Delivery Cha pter 12 – Customers’ Roles in Service Delivery Chapter 13 – Managing Demand and Capacity 2-10 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 Gap 4 – Not Matching Performance to Promises (The Communication Gap) Chapter 14 – Integrated Service marketing Communications Chapter 15 – Pricing of Services 2-11 Objectives for Chapter 2: The Gaps Model of Service Quality ? Introduce the framework, called the gaps model of service quality, used to organize this textbook. Demonstrate that the gaps model is a useful framework for understanding service quality in an organization. ? Demonstrate that the most critical service quality gap to close is the customer gap, the difference between customer expectations and perceptions. ? Show that four gaps that occur in companies, which we call provider gaps, are responsible for the customer gap. ? Identify the factors responsible for each of the four provider gaps. 2-12 Gaps Model of Service Quality 2-13 The Customer Gap Think about a service you receive. Is there a gap between your expectations and perceptions of that service?What do you expect that you do not receive? 2-14 Key Factors Leading to the Customer Gap Customer Gap Customer Expectations ? Provider Gap 1: Not knowing what customers expect ? Provider Gap 2: Not selecting the right service designs and standards ? Provider Gap 3: Not delivering to service standards ? Provider Gap 4: Not matching performance to promises Customer Perceptions 2-15 Gaps Model of Service Quality ? Customer Gap: ? difference between customer expectations and perceptions ? Provider Gap 1 (Listening Gap): ? not knowing what customers expect ? Provider Gap 2 (Service Design & Standards Gap): not having the right service designs and standards ? Provider Gap 3 (Service Performance Gap): ? not delivering to service standards ? Provider Gap 4 (Communication Gap): ? not matching performance to promises 2-16 Provider Gap 1 CUSTOMER Customer expectations Perceived Service COMPANY Gap 1: The Listening Gap Company perceptions of customer expectations 2-17 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 1 2-18 Provider Gap 2 CUSTOMER COMPANY Customer-driven service designs and standards Gap 2: The Service Design and Standards Gap Company perceptions of customer expectations 2-19 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 2 2-20 Provider Gap 3 CUSTOMERCOMPANY Service delivery Customer-driven service designs and standards Gap 3: The Service Performance Gap 2-21 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 3 2-22 Provider Gap 4 CUSTOMER COMPANY Gap 4: The Communication Gap External Service delivery communications to customers 2-23 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 4 2-24 Gaps Model of Service Quality 2-25 Gaps Model of Service Quality Think about a service that you receive regularly and put yourself in the wish mode. How would you change the service and the way it is provided? 2-26 Gaps Model of Service Quality Think about a service that you receive regularly and put yourself in the wish mode.How would you change the service and the way it is provided? †¢ I wish my oil change service could be done at my home, or where I work, so that I would not have to drive to a specific location and wait in line. †¢ I wish my dry cleaning service would pick up clothes from my home and deliver them to my home. †¢ I wish my bank would allow me to make additional mortgage payments (or, student loan payments) online rather than having to physically go into the bank and execute a teller-assisted transaction. †¢ I wish my gas station would check under the hood of my car like they used to do many years ago. -27 Gaps Model of Service Quality †¢ If you were the manager of a service organization and wanted to apply the gaps model to improve service, which gap would you start with? †¢ Why? †¢ In what order would you proceed to close the gaps? 2-28 Gaps Model of Service Quality If you were the manager of a serv ice organization and wanted to apply the gaps model to improve service, which gap would you start with? Why? In what order would you proceed to close the gaps? The most efficient way to use the gaps model is to begin with provider gap 1, determining what customer expectations are.This allows the company to concentrate on the factors that will have the greatest impact on improving service quality. Following the gap 1 with gap 2, then gap 3 is the best progression. Gap 2 ideally would result in service design and service standards that are based on gap 1’s findings about customer expectations. Then gap 3, the most complicated gap to close, would be informed by what is found in the first two gaps. 2-29 Gaps Model of Service Quality †¢ Can provider gap 4, the communication gap, be closed prior to closing any of the other three provider gaps? †¢ How? 2-30 Gaps Model of Service QualityCan provider gap 4, the communication gap, be closed prior to closing any of the other t hree provider gaps? How? Gap 4, which deals with lowering customer expectations, can be closed at any time. While the first three gaps are concerned with raising company performance to meet expectations, gap 4 aims to lower customer expectations to meet perceptions. The two approaches to closing the customer gap operate on different principles and therefore can occur independently. Incidentally, closing gap 4 can be more economical than closing the other gaps. 2-31 Gaps Model of Service Quality Which of the four provider gaps do you believe is hardest to close? †¢ Why? 2-32 Gaps Model of Service Quality Which of the four provider gaps do you believe is hardest to close? Why? Gap 3 is the hardest to close because it requires coordination of all of the human resources issues in a company—training, incentives, communication, hiring, teamwork, and empowerment. Changing any one of these is difficult but changing them all, and getting them coordinated with each other, is extre mely challenging. In addition to the employee factors that must be considered in closing gap 3, the customer must be managed. -33 DETERMINANTS OF PERCEIVED SERVICE QUALITY Ways to Use Gap Analysis ? Overall Strategic Assessment: ? How are we doing overall in meeting or exceeding customer expectations? ? How are we doing overall in closing the four company gaps? ? Which gaps represent our strengths and where are our weaknesses? 2-35 Ways to Use Gap Analysis ? Specific Service Implementation ? Who is the customer? What is the service? ? Are we consistently meeting/exceeding customer expectations with this service? ? If not, where are the gaps and what changes are needed? (Examine gaps 1-4 for this particular service. ) 2-36

Biography of Kate Chopin Essay

Kate Chopin was an American author of short stories and novels. Considered as one of the earliest feminist authors of the 20th century, she was one of the most-celebrated female writers of her time. She wrote several short stories including The Story of an Hour (1894), Euphrase (1850), Mrs. Mobry’s Reason (1891), A Shameful Affair (1893), and many others. Her literature usually described her own life, reflecting the time she lived in and the life she led. When readers look into her literature, they do not only read what is on the text but also try to understand the context. When you look through her fiction, you might notice that the contexts include the life of the author, the time it was written and the social condition during the time it was set, among others. One of her short stories, The Story of an Hour, depicts a woman’s reactions to the news of her husband’s death, upon reading which I found connections between her life and the life of the main character of the short story. Background and early life After Kate Chopin’s father was killed in a train accident, she moved into a household of women in St. Louis. As a girl she was mentored mainly by women – her mother, her grandmother, and her great grandmother. She also had deep bonds with her family members, the sisters who taught her at school, and with her life-long friend Kitty Garasche. A lot of the fiction Kate wrote was hugely influenced by the women she grew up with, especially regarding her views about feminism, and women. In 1870, at the age of 20, she settled in New Orleans. Oscar, her husband, bought a general store in Cloutierville, but in 1882 he died of malaria and left Kate with $12,000 in debt (approximately $229,360 in 2005 dollars). Kate Chopin was widowed at 32. She attempted to run the plantation and store alone but with no success. Two years later, she sold her Louisiana business. Her mother wanted her to move back to St. Louis. The following year, her mother died. After the loss of both her husband and the mother, Kate Chopin found herself drifting into the realms of depression. Her doctor felt that writing would be a good way for her to heal this developing depression. Her doctor understood that writing could serve as a focus for her energy as well as a source of income. She thus indulged herself and became successful, and found many of her work getting published. However, some of her writings were far too ahead of their times and she faced lack of acceptance for almost 12 years. Literary works with examples Kate Chopin commented on the importance of describing â€Å"human existence in its subtle, complex, true meaning, stripped of the veil with which ethical and conventional standards have draped it† (1894). An interview on the PBS website for Kate Chopin says, â€Å"I think she was much more interested in the excitement, the civilization that came in her circle of intellectual friends. That was freedom, the freedom to explore ideas† (PBS, 1999). Kate was neither a feminist nor a suffragist, she said so. She was nonetheless a woman who took women extremely seriously. She never doubted the woman’s ability to be strong. She came from a long line of strong women whom she loved and respected, owing to the affiliation with her great-grandmother, grandmother, and mother. She had strong intellectual women friends. Her lack of interest in feminism and suffrage did not have anything to do with a lack of confidence in women, nor did it have a lot to do with a lack of desire for freedom. She simply had a different understanding of freedom. She saw freedom as much more a matter of spirit, soul, and character than anything else, of living your life within the constraints that the world makes [or] your God offers you, because all of us do live within constraints. There is no indication that â€Å"she regretted her marriage, or regretted being a mother† (PBS, 1999). Early 1970s was the period thriving with women’s rights movements, and Kate Chopin was one leading contributor to the said phenomenon. She contributed a lot through her writings about women, daytime dramas, the feminine mystique, women’s liberation, Mars vs. Venus, self-help and commentary on open marriages. You can see how Kate Chopin’s life event (train accident, A Widow, and Freedom for Women) influenced her fictions through The Story of an Hour. One of the main events in the story is a man’s loss, namely Mrs. Mallard’s husband. Josephine, Mrs. Mallard’s sister, brought the sad message that there was a railroad disaster and of those listed as killed included Brently Mallard, who was Mrs. Mallard’s husband. In Kate’s life, there had been a similar loss. That someone was her father who passed away in a railroad accident in 1855. Furthermore, Mrs. Mallard is in due course assumed to be a widow, but readers will soon find out that Mr. Mallard is alive. In Kate’s life, her father had widowed her mother. Both had experienced what it’s like to be a widow but of course, the response to the loss may entirely be different. In the end, before she learnt of Brently’s return from the accident, Louise died of heart disease – of joy that kills. This could suggest that she had a moment of monstrous joy, which consumed her and overwhelmed her to death. Perhaps Chopin would just let Louise die instead of seeing Brently again, causing her to remain imprisoned and be confined to her husband’s hands. Lastly, in The Story of An Hour, Chopin made no suggestion to the readers that Mrs. Mallard was sorry for her husband’s loss. Instead, she uttered under her breath, â€Å"free, free, and free! † which suggests how happy Mrs. Mallard was to have lost her husband, because she now has freedom of herself. The joy she feels after regaining her freedom is something which consumes her. In Kate’s life, a lot of her work mentioned the rise in the rights of women. She experienced a period where there was a decline in those rights and women were deprived of public needs like education, the right to vote, the right to property and their children. Those events drove her to write the kind of feminist text she did instead of dedicating herself to other themes. As observed, literature can bring us to the world of the author. Literary works reflect the time, state of mind, and the life of the author. By understanding the connection between Kate Chopin and Mrs. Mallard in the short story, The Story of an Hour, it can be confirmed that the novel portrayed a reference to Kate Chopin’s life since most of the events (train accident, A Widow, and Freedom for Women) in Louise’s life are similar to, or at least greatly influenced by her own. References Chopin, K. (1894). One Story. PBS (Director). (1999). Kate Chopin: A Re-Awakening [Motion Picture].

Formal Report Exp 9

University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEST TO CLASSIFY HYROXY- AND CARBONYL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva, Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza, Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel Bernice T. Wee Group 10 2G-Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Hydroxyl group refers to a functional group containing OH- when it is a substituent in an organic compound. It is also known as the characteristic functional group of alcohols and phenols. On the other hand, carbonyl group refers to a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon and an oxygen atom connected by a double bond. It is known as the characteristic functional group of aldehydes and ketones instead. In this experiment, hydroxyl- or carbonyl- containing samples were given to the group for examination. The samples were analyzed through different tests namely the involvement of the solubility of alcohols in water, the Lucas Test, the Chromic Acid Test or also known as Jones Oxidation, the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Test, the Fehling’s Test, the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test, and the Iodoform Test. The solubility of alcohols in water test showed that the sample, benzyl alcohol was immiscible while ethanol was the most miscible from all the other compounds used. While in Lucas Test which was used to differentiated the primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols had turned tert-butyl alcohol into a cloudy solution afterwards. In Chromic Acid Test which was a test for oxidizable compounds or any compounds that possess reducing property would yield to a blue green solution if it reacted positively. This was seen in all the sample used in this test except for acetone. Whereas Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Test was preformed to test for aldehydes and ketones which would result to a yellow orange precipitate if it was positively reacted. All the compounds subjected to this test namely n-butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde and acetone gave a positive result. Fehling’s Test and Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test were used to tests for aldehydes. In Fehling Test, both the n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a positive result which was a brick red precipitate but acetone gave a negative result which was only a blue solution. While the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test had shown that both n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a positive result which was a silver mirror and then again acetone gave a negative result which was the absence of a silver mirror. Lastly Iodoform test was performed and was known as a test for methyl carbinol and methyl carbonyl groups. Both acetone and isopropyl alcohol resulted to a positive outcome in this test which was formation of yellow precipitate but n-butyraldehyde on the other hand yield to a negative result which was a yellow solution containing black precipitate. INTRODUCTION In organic chemistry, classification of test was tests that categorize a substance into one of several classes. They were used to detect functional groups and other structural features. Alcohol were derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) only. The hydroxyl group imparts particular properties to the radical to which it is attached. [1] Figure 1. Alcohol Alcohols are classified into three categories: primary (1 °), secondary (2 °) and tertiary (3 °). This classification is based on the number of carbon-containing groups (R for an alkyl or an aromatic group) attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group. If the carbon bearing the OH has one R group, the molecule is a primary alcohol. If two R groups are attached, it is then a secondary alcohol. If three R groups are attached, then the alcohol is tertiary[1][4] Figure 2. Three alcohol groups There are other molecules that contain an -OH group. Even though water (H2O) contains OH, it is not considered as an alcohol because alcohols were defined as organic compounds that have little or no ionization of the ydrogen. Other organic compounds that contain -OH groups but are not alcohols are phenol (C6H5OH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). These compounds are not alcohols because they are acidic. The term alcohol, then, is another representation of a type of electronic structure in the molecules of substances. [3] [4] Phenols are aromatic compounds in which a hydroxide group is directly bon ded to an aromatic ring system. They are very weak acids, and like alcohols, form ethers and esters. The main phenols are phenol itself, cresol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, and picric acid. Phenol itself (C6H5OH), also known as carbolic acid, is a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid, isolable from coal tar, but made by acid hydrolysis of cumene hydroperoxide, or by fusion of sodium benzenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide. Formerly used as an antiseptic, phenol has more latterly been used to make bakelite and other resins, plastics, dyes, detergents, and drugs. [4] [15] The hydroxyl- containing compounds used in the experiment were ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. Ethanol also known as ethyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Its low freezing point has made it useful as the fluid in thermometers for temperatures below –40 °C, the freezing point of mercury, and for other low-temperature purposes, such as for antifreeze in automobile radiators. Ethanol is miscible in all proportions with water and with most organic solvents. It is useful as a solvent for many substances and in making perfumes, paints, lacquer, and explosives. 15] Figure 3. Structure of Ethanol n-butyl alcohol also known as n-butanol, 1-Butanol or 1-butyl alcohol is a four carbon straight chain alcohol. It is a volatile, clear liquid with a strong alcoholic odor, and is miscible with water. It is a highly refractive compound which corrodes some plastics, and rubbers. It is miscible with many organic solvents, and incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is also used as a direct solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other organic chemicals. [7] Figure 4. Structure of n-butyl alcohol Sec-butyl alcohol, a four carbon secondary alcohol, is a volatile, clear liquid with a strong alcoholic odor with a water solubility of 12. 5%. This substance is most hazardous when peroxide levels are concentrated by distillation or evaporation. It is a highly refractive compound which corrodes some plastics, and rubbers. It is miscible with many organic solvents, and incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is flammable strongly with a luminous flame. It is used as a direct solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other organic chemicals. [8] Figure 5. Structure of Sec-butyl alcohol Tert-butyl alcohol is a clear, noncorrosive liquid. It is miscible with water as well as most common organic solvents. The sterically hindered tertiary butyl group imparts stability compared to primary and secondary alcohols. As a result, the solubility and oxidative stability characteristics provide many industrial applications as a reaction and process solvent and chemical intermediate. It is used as a non-reactive solvent for chemical reactions, a non-surfactant compatibilizer for many solvent blends, and a non-corrosive solvent. It is used in free radical polymerizations to dissolve monomers. TBA is a main raw material of tert-butyl functional group in organic synthesis. [9] Figure 6. Structure of Tert-butyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol also known as propan-2-ol, 2-propanol is a common name for a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H8O. It is a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor. It is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon is attached to two other carbons. Being a secondary alcohol, isopropyl alcohol can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It is also relatively non-toxic and evaporates quickly. Thus it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for dissolving lipophilic contaminants such as oil. [10] Figure 7. Structure of Isopropyl alcohol Benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. Benzyl alcohol is partially soluble in water (4  g/100  mL) and completely miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether. Like most alcohols, it reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters. Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings. It is also a precursor to a variety of esters, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. It is often added to intravenous medication solutions as a preservative due to its bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties. [15] Figure 8. Structure of Benzyl alcohol Carbonyl group is a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon and an oxygen atom connected by a double bond. The group is a constituent of carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, acyl halides, amides, and quinones, and it is the characteristic functional group of aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acid and their derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, and quinones are also known collectively as carbonyl compounds. Aldehydes and ketones contain carbonyl groups attached to alkyl or aryl groups and a hydrogen atom or both. These groups have little effect on the electron distribution in the carbonyl group; thus, the properties of aldehydes and ketones are determined by the behavior of the carbonyl group. In carboxylic acids and their derivatives, the carbonyl group is attached to one of the halogen atoms or to groups containing atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. These atoms do affect the carbonyl group, forming a new functional group with distinctive properties. Figure 9. Carbonyl Group An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, called an aldehyde group, consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom with a single covalent bond and an oxygen atom with a double bond. Thus the chemical formula for an aldehyde functional group is -CH=O, and the general formula for an aldehyde is R-CH=O. The aldehyde group is occasionally called the formyl or methanoyl group. The word aldehyde is a combination of parts of the words alcohol and dehydrogenated, because the first aldehyde was prepared by removing two hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from ethanol. Molecules that contain an aldehyde group can be converted to alcohols by the addition of two hydrogen atoms to the central carbon oxygen double bond (reduction). Organic acids are the result of the introduction of one oxygen atom to the carbonyl group (oxidation). Aldehydes are very easy to detect by smell. Some are very fragrant, and others have a smell resembling that of rotten fruit. [15] On the other hand, Ketone features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. They differ from aldehydes in that the carbonyl is placed between two carbons rather than at the end of a carbon skeleton. They are also distinct from other functional groups, such as carboxylic acids, esters and amides, which have a carbonyl group bonded to a hetero atom. Ketone compounds have important physiological properties. They are found in several sugars and in compounds for medicinal use, including natural and synthetic steroid hormones. [15] The difference between aldehydes and ketones is in the groups that are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. In the case of an aldehyde, there is always at least one H atom attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. An aldehyde has one R group attached. R stands for any other organic chain or group. In the case of ketones, there are no H atoms attached to the carbonyl carbon. The ketone has two R groups attached. [2] [15] Figure 10. Structure of Aldehyde and Ketone Some of the carbonyl-containing compounds used in the experiment were benzaldehyde, n-butraldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and acetophenone. Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) also known as benzenecarbonal is a colorless liquid aldehyde with a characteristic almond odor. It boils at 180 °C, is soluble in ethanol, but is insoluble in water. It is formed by partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol, and on oxidation forms benzoic acid. It is called oil of bitter almond, since it is formed when amygdalin, a glucoside present in the kernels of bitter almonds and in apricot pits, is hydrolyzed, e. . , by crushing the kernels or pits and boiling them in water; glucose and hydrogen cyanide (a poisonous gas) are also formed. It is also prepared by oxidation of toluene or benzyl chloride or by treating benzal chloride with an alkali. Benzaldehyde is used in the preparation of certain aniline dyes and of other products, including perfumes and flavorings. [13] Figure 11. Structu re of Benzaldehyde Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) also known as ethanol is a colorless liquid aldehyde, sometimes simply called aldehyde. It is soluble in water and ethanol. Acetaldehyde is made commercially by the oxidation of ethylene with a palladium catalyst. It is used as a reducing agent (e. g. , for silvering mirrors), in the manufacture of synthetic resins and dyestuffs, and as a preservative. [11] Figure 12. Structure of Acetaldehyde n-butyraldehyde (CH3(CH2)2CHO) also known as butanal is an aldehyde derivative of butane. It is a colorless flammable liquid that smells like sweaty feet. It is miscible with most organic solvents. n-butyraldehyde is used as an intermediate in the manufacturing plasticizers, alcohols, solvents and polymers. It is also used as an intermediate to make pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, antioxidants, rubber accelerators, textile auxiliaries, perfumery and flavors. [12] Figure 13. Structure of N-butyraldehyde Acetone ((CH3)2CO) also known as propanone is colorless, mobile, flammable liquid with a characteristic sweetish smell is the simplest example of the ketones. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. [6] Figure 14. Structure of Acetone Acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is the simplest aromatic ketone. This colorless, viscous liquid is a precursor to useful resins and fragrances. It can be obtained by a variety of methods. In industry, acetophenone is recovered as a by-product of the oxidation of ethylbenzene, which mainly gives ethylbenzene hydroperoxide for use in the production of propylene oxide. [5] Figure 15. Structure of Acetophenone The hydroxyl- and carbonyl- containing compounds were analyzed by utilization of different tests such as testing the solubility of alcohols in water, Lucas Test, Chromic Acid Test (Jones Oxidation), 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Test, Fehling’s Test, Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test, and Iodoform Test. Most organic compounds were not soluble in water with the exception of low molecular-weight amines and oxygen-containing compounds like alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones. Low molecular-weight compounds are generally limited to those with fewer than five carbon atoms. [14] Lucas Test often provides classification information for alcohols, as well as a probe for the existence of the hydroxyl group. Substrates that easily give rise to cationic character at the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group undergo this test readily; primary alcohols do not give a positive result. Since the Lucas Test depends on the appearance of the alkyl chloride as a second liquid phase, it is normally applicable only to alcohols that are soluble in the reagent. This limits the test in general to monofunctional alcohols lower than hexyl and certain polyfunctional molecules. [4] Chromic Acid Test also called Jones Oxidation detects the presence of a hydroxyl substituent that is on a carbon bearing at least one hydrogen, and therefore oxidizable. It is detected by the appearance of Cr+3 ion. This test can be used to differentiate aldehydes and ketones. A positive result would show green or blue-green solution. [4] 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Test can be used to qualitatively detect the carbonyl functionality of a ketone or aldehyde functional group. Ketones and Aldehydes would form yellow to orange precipitate after undergoing in this test. [4] Fehling’s Test and Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test are used to detect aldehydes. However, Fehling's solution can only be used to test for aliphatic aldehydes, whereas Tollens' reagent can be used to test for both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. A positive result in Fehling’s Test would give a brick red precipitate while in Tollens' Silver Mirror, it is the formation of silver mirror. [4] Iodoform Test is a test for methyl carbinol and methyl carbonyl group. A positive result would yield to yellow crystals or precipitate. Its mechanism occurs through a series of enolate anions which are iodinated. [4] The objectives of the experiment were to distinguish whether a compound was a hydroxyl- or carbonyl-containing, to differentiate the three types of alcohols, to differentiate aldehydes from ketones and to explain the mechanisms involved in the differentiating tests. EXPERIMENTAL A. Compounds Tested * Ethanol * n-butyl alcohol * Sec-butyl alcohol * Tert-butyl alcohol * Benzyl alcohol * n- butyraldehyde * Benzaldehyde * Acetone * Acetophenone * Isopropyl alcohol * Acetaldehyde * Lucas reagent * Chromic acid reagent * 95% ethanol * Fehling’s A and B * Tollen’s reagent * 5% NaOCl solution * Iodoform test reagent * 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine B. Procedure 1. Testing the solubility of alcohols in water The samples involved in the experiment were ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. Five test tubes were labeled with each of the alcohol samples. With the aid of a Pasteur pipette, 10 drops from each of the samples were taken then placed into the appropriate test tube. To the tube containing ethanol, 1-ml of water was then added drop wise to the tube containing alcohol and the mixture was shaken thoroughly after each addition. If cloudiness resulted, 0. 25-ml of water at a time was added continuously with vigorous shaking until a homogeneous dispersion results. The total volume of water added was noted. If cloudiness resulted after the addition of 2. -ml of water, the alcohol is said to be immiscible in water but if there was no cloudiness then it is miscible to water. The results were noted down. The same procedure was performed on the test tubes containing n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. 2. Using the Lucas Test This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Lucas reagent was prepared by dissolving 16 g of anhydrous zinc chloride in 10-ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The mixture was then allowed to cool. The Lucas Reagent was already prepared beforehand. 50-mg or 2-3 drops of the sample was added to 1-ml of the reagent in a test tube and the mixture was shaken vigorously for a few seconds. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature. The rate of formation of the cloudy suspension or the formation of two layers was observed. 3. Using the Chromic Acid Test / Jones Oxidation This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetone. 1 drop of liquid or a small amount of the solid sample was dissolved in 1-ml of acetone in a small vial or test tube. drops of 10% aqueous Potassium chromate solution and 5 drops of 6M sulphuric acid were added into the mixture. 4. Using the 2,4-DNP Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde. The reagent was prepared by slowly adding a solution of 3 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 15-ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, while stirring to a mixture of 20-ml of water and 70-ml of 95% ethanol. The solution was then stirred and filtered. This reagent was already prepared beforehand. A drop of a liquid sample was placed into a small sample. 5 drops of 95% ethanol was added and well shaken. Afterwards, 3 drops of 2,4-DNP was added and if no yellow or orange precipitate formed, the solution was allowed to stand for at least 15 minutes. 5. Using the Fehling’s Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Fehling’s reagent was prepared by mixing equal amounts of Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B. Fehling’s A was prepared by dissolving 7 g of hydrated copper (II) sulfate in 100-ml of water. Fehling’s B was prepared by mixing 35 g of Potassium sodium tartrate and 10 g of Sodium hydroxide in 100-ml water. Then, 1-ml of freshly prepared Fehling’s reagent was placed into each test tube. drops of the sample to be tested was added in to the tube. The tubes were then placed in a beaker of boiling water and changes within 10-15 minutes were observed. 6. Using the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test This test was performed on benzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. The reagent was prepared by adding 2 drops o f 5% Sodium hydroxide solution to 2-ml of 5% Silver nitrate solution and mixing thoroughly. Next, only enough 2% ammonium hydroxide (concentrated ammonium hydroxide is 28%) was added drop by drop and with stirring to dissolve the precipitate. Adding excess ammonia will cause discrepancies on the result of the test. Then, four test tubes with 1-ml of freshly prepared Tollens’ reagent were prepared. Two drops each of the samples were then added. The mixture was shaken and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. If no reaction has occurred, the test tube was placed in a beaker of warm water (35-50 oC) for 5 minutes. Observations were recorded. It was noted that if Tollens’ reagent is left unused for a period of time, it may form explosive silver. This was avoided by neutralizing unused reagent with a little nitric acid and discarded afterwards. . Using the Iodoform Test This test was performed on acetone, n- butyraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. 2 drops of each sample was placed into its own small vial or test tube. 20 drops of fresh chlorine bleach (5% Sodium hypochlorite) was slowly added while shaking to each test tube and then, mixed. The formation of a yellow participate was noted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Solubi lity of Alcohols in Water In the experiment, five compounds were tested to determine the presence of the –OH, hydroxyl group through solubility of the sample in water. The presence of an –OH group was indicated by the miscibility of the substance. This follows the general rule in solubility that â€Å"like dissolves like†. Meaning, a polar solute will dissolve in a polar solvent and a non polar solute will be insoluble in a polar solvent. [14] Going back to the experiment, it was observed that alcohol was soluble in water but as the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain of the alcohol increased, the solubility of the alcohol sample decreased. It was also observed that branching of the compound increased its solubility in water. Branching will increase solubility since more branching will reduce the size of the molecule and make it easier to solvate the molecules with the solvent. [14] The results of the experiment show that the solubility of alcohols in water depends on the balance between the strength of the hydrogen bonds formed between water and the hydroxyl group, and the strength of the Van der Waals forces between the hydrocarbon chains of the alcohol. Alcohol| Condensed Structural Formula| Amount of Water (in ml) needed to produce a homogeneous dispersion| Solubility in Water| Ethanol| CH3CH2OH| 0. ml| Most Miscible| n-butyl alcohol| CH3CH2CH2CH2OH| 2. 0 ml| Miscible| Sec-butyl alcohol| | 1. 4 ml| Miscible| Tert-butyl alcohol| | 0. 5 ml| Miscible| Benzyl alcohol| | More than 2. 0 ml| Immiscible| Table 1. Solubility of alcohols in water The table above showed that ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol were all miscible with water. Only benzyl alcohol had exhibited immisci bility with water. As stated, all alcohols were soluble in water except under C6. Hence, ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol are all miscible with water. Ethanol has two carbon atoms, while the other three all have four carbons since they are all derivatives of the alcohol, butanol. Benzyl alcohol was immiscible with water because it is an aromatic alcohol. Ethanol was the most miscible alcohol followed by tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and n-butyl alcohol. Ethanol exhibited fastest solubility because it has only two carbon atoms as compared to the butanol derivatives having four carbon atoms. Tert-butyl alcohol was the most miscible among the butanol derivatives because it has the most branching substituents present. 2. Lucas Test The four types of alcohols namely n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol were differentiated from each other by way of the Lucas Test. Lucas Test differentiates primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Reagents used include anhydrous ZnCl2 and HCl. Positive result was based on its turbidity or alkyl chloride formation and its rate of the reaction. Tertiary alcohols formed the second layer in less than a minute. Secondary alcohols required 5-10 minutes before formation of second layer while primary alcohols were usually unreactive. Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| -butyl alcohol| CH3CH2CH2CH2OH| Clear solution(+)| Sec-butyl alcohol| | Clear solution(+)| Tert-butyl alcohol| | Turbid (+++) /Cloudy solution and formation of two layers| IsopropylAlcohol| | ClearSolution(+)| Table 2. Lucas Test Based on Table 2, it was only tert-butyl alcohol which had immediately formed two layers or a cloudy solution; hence, it was known to be a t ertiary alcohol. Sec-butyl alcohol and Isopropyl alcohol when subjected to Lucas test resulted to a clear solution although theoretically, a secondary alcohol dissolves to give a clear solution then form chlorides which would yield to a cloudy solution within five minutes. -butyl alcohol was considered as a primary alcohol. It was unreactive but eventually would react after long period of time. Generally, the order of reactivity of the alcohols toward Lucas reagent was 3 °;2 °;1 ° because the reaction rate was much faster when the carbocation intermediate was more stabilized by a greater number of electron donating alkyl group bonded to the positive carbon atom. This means that the greater the alkyl groups present in a compound, the faster its reaction would be with the Lucas solution. [1] Figure 16. Reaction in Lucas Test 3. Chromic Acid Test (Jones Oxidation) This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetone. The chromic acid test classifies the three types of alcohols by oxidizing the alcohol. The test was also used to be able to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Since primary and secondary alcohols were also oxidized by the chromic acid reagent, this test was not useful for distinguishing aldehydes unless a positive identification of a carbonyl group has been obtained from the 2,4-DNP test. Chromic acid has an orange-red color due to the presence of Cr+6 ions, upon oxidation of the aldehyde, the chromium was reduced to Cr+3, which had a green color. A positive result was indicated by a green precipitate due to chromous sulfate, Cr? (SO? )?. [1] From the results, it was noted that the formation of an opaque blue-green suspension within 2-3 seconds, accompanied by disappearance of the orange color of the reagent, indicates a primary or secondary alcohol. A primary alcohol oxidizes readily, first to an aldehyde, then to a carboxylic acid. These two oxidation steps made sense because the primary alcohol functional group has two C-H bonds that can be broken; secondary alcohols were oxidized to ketones, a secondary alcohol only has one C-H bond that can be broken, so it can only oxidize once, to a ketone; a tertiary alcohol has no C-H bond that can be broken, so it was not oxidized, no matter how strong the oxidizing agent was. During the oxidation, the orange-red color of the chromic acid changed to a blue-green solution. Figure 17. Oxidation of the three types of Alcohols The results also show that aldehydes gave the same result but reacted more slowly. With aliphatic aldehydes, the solution turned cloudy in about 5 seconds, and the opaque blue-green suspension formed within 30 seconds; aromatic aldehydes required 30-90 seconds or longer before a suspension formed. The generation of some other dark color, particularly with the liquid remaining orange, was considered a negative test. It was concluded that alcohols and aldehydes are oxidized by chromic acid but ketones were not because they don’t have a hydrogen atom attached to their carbonyl group that can be used for oxidation. Figure 18. Oxidation of Aldehyde Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| -butyl alcohol| CH3CH2CH2CH2OH| Blue green solution(+)| Sec-butyl alcohol| | Blue green solution(+)| Tert-butyl alcohol| | Blue green solution (+)| n-butyraldehyde| | Blue greenSolution (+)| Benzaldehyde| | Blue green solution(+)| Acetone| | Green solution(-)| Table 3. Reactions to the Chromic Acid Test It was observed that all the compounds tested gave a visible posit ive result, a blue green solution, except for acetone which had yielded to a green solution. 4. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test determined the presence of a carbonyl group in the sample compound. The test used an organic reactant, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, to distinguish the carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones, from the non-carbonyl compounds, alcohols. The 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent was a translucent yellow solution. When this reagent was subjected in the presence of a carbonyl compound, a yellow colored precipitate would form while in the presence of an alcohol, the solution would remain translucent yellow with no precipitate formed. The reaction of 2,4-DNP with an aldehyde or ketone was a condensation reaction. Under less acidic conditions, in this type of reaction, a nucleophile donates a pair of electrons toward the carbonyl carbon forming a single bond to it. [2] At the same time the double bond between the carbonyl carbon and oxygen becomes a single bond as one bonding pair of electrons in the double bond moves to become an unshared pair on the oxygen. The oxygen now has one bond to it and it holds three pairs of unshared electrons, so it has a negative charge. Consequently, the oxygen picks up a proton from somewhere and becomes an -OH group. The proton from the acid attaches itself to one of the unshared pairs of electrons on the oxygen. The carbonyl group now has a +1 charge and is very inviting to even a weak nucleophile. So, the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon forming a bond and the doubly bonded oxygen of the carbonyl becomes an -OH, as before. [1] Figure 19. Nucleophilic addition of 2,4-DNP to Acetone. As seen just below, this product is not usually the one that was isolated. Rather this product undergoes an elimination reaction in which the -OH was removed from the carbon to which it is attached and the hydrogen was removed from the nitrogen immediately to the right, resulting in a double bond between the nitrogen and carbon and a molecule of water. The final product was known as a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. That is why this reaction was also considered as an elimination reaction. Figure 20. Elimination reaction of DNP Figure 21. Reaction of 2,4-DNP with a Carbonyl group Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| n-butyraldehyde| | Yellow- orange precipitate(+)| Benzaldehyde| | Yellow –orange precipitate(+)| Acetone| | Yellow –orange precipitate(+)| Table 4. Reactions to the 2,4- DNP Test As shown on table 4, it was observed that there was a formation of a yellow – orange precipitate in all the compounds used. This would then indicate a presence of either an aldehyde or a ketone. 5. Fehling’s Test Fehling's test differentiated aldehydes and ketones. It was based upon the ability of the aldehyde group to reduce the Cu+2 ion of Cu(OH)? , a blue color, to the Cu ion of Cu? O, a dark red color, in the presence of a base. Fehling's solution contains copper (II) ions complex with tartrate ions in sodium hydroxide solution. Complexion of the copper (II) ions with tartrate ions prevents precipitation of copper (II) hydroxide. Aldehydes reduce the complex copper (II) ion to copper (I) oxide, changing the color of the solution to brick red or dark green. Because the solution is alkaline, the aldehyde itself is oxidized to a salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid. [2] In short it involved a redox reaction wherein aldehyde was oxidized to carboxylic acid and ketones did not undergo oxidation. Copper was reduced from Cu2+ to Cu+. Figure 22. Oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid through Fehling’s test It was a test for aldehydes. Reagents include CuSO4, NaOH. A positive result is the formation of brick red precipitate (Cu2O/cuprous oxide). This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| n-butyraldehyde| | Brick red precipitate (+)| Benzaldehyde| | Brick red precipitate(+)| Acetone| | Clear blue solution(-)| Table 5. Reactions to the Fehling’s Test As shown in Table 5, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde exhibited positive result while acetone exhibited an absence of brick red precipitate. It can be concluded that n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde were both aldehyde. 6. Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test Tollens’ silver mirror test was a test for aldehydes. Tollen’s reagent was an ammoniacal solution of silver ion prepared by dissolving silver oxide in ammonia. The preparation of the reagent is based on the formation of a silver diamine complex that is water soluble in basic solution. In this reaction, the aldehyde was oxidized to a carboxylic acid while the Ag+1was reduced to silver metal, which deposited as a thin film on the inner surface of the glass. The generic reaction was as follows and was specific for aldehydes. [16] Figure 23. Oxidation of aldehyde with Tollen’s reagent Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| n-butyraldehyde| | Silver Mirror(+)| Benzaldehyde| | Silver Mirror(+)| Acetone| | Clear grayish-black solution (-)| Table 6. Reactions to Tollen’s Silver Mirror Test This test was performed on benzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. Based on the results seen in table 6, it was concluded that the aldehyde samples produced a silver mirror on the inner surface of the test tube since aldehydes were easily oxidized. The ketones sample, acetone, on the other hand, didn’t form this mirror image because of its inability to oxidize due to the lack of a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl group that could be used for oxidation. 7. Iodoform Test Iodoform test was a test for methyl carbinol, secondary alcohol with adjacent methyl group, and methyl carbonyl. Methyl ketones, but not other ketones, were oxidized by iodine in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The ketone was oxidized to a carboxylic acid which yellow iodoform/ precipitate would be formed. It was the yellow precipitate formed would be the basis of a positive result. Acetaldehyde, but not other aldehydes, would yield to a positive result in this test owing to its structural similarity to methyl ketones. It was also true that ethanol would be oxidized to acetaldehyde and secondary alcohols that could be oxidized to methyl ketones given this test. [2] Figure 24. Oxidation of a methyl ketone Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| N-butraldehyde| | Yellow solution with black precipitate (-)| Acetone| | Yellow precipitate| Isopropyl alcohol| | Yellow precipitate| Table 7. Reaction to the Iodoform Test This test was performed on acetone, n- butyraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. Based on table 7, the results indicate that the methyl ketones of isopropyl alcohol and acetone were oxidized by iodine to carboxylic acids because the compounds formed a yellow precipitate while n-bytraldehyde didn’t. It was then concluded that compounds with a methyl group next to the carbonyl group would give a positive result in the iodoform test, ethanol and secondary alcohols with the methyl group attached to the same carbon as the OH- group would also give a positive result. During the experiment, the compounds acetaldehyde and acetophenone were not available. This was the reason why results of these compounds in different tests were not observed but based from different informations which were gathered from different sources. Acetophenone would give a positive result in the following test namely 2,4 DNP test and Iodoform test. While acetaldehyde would give a positive result in the following test namely Chromic Acid test, 2,4 DNP test, Fehling’s test and as well as Tollens’ Silver Mirror test. REFERENCES: From books: [1]Lehman, John W(2009). Operational Organic Chemistry: A Problem-Solving Approach to the Laboratory Course. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice. [2]Martin, Stephen F(2011). Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments: Miniscale and Microscale. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. [3]McMurry, John(2010). Foundations of Organic Chemistry, Philippine Edition. Cengage Learning. [4]Shriner, Ralph Lloyd (1980). Systematic Identification of Organic Compound: A Laboratory Manual (6th Ed. ). John Wiley ; Sons, Inc. New York: Van Hoffmann Press. From Websites: [5]Acetophenone. www. chemicalland21. om/industrialchem/solalc/ACETOPHENONE. htm 09/09/11 [6]Acetone. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/ACETONE. htm 09/09/11 [7]n-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/NBUTYLALCOHOL. htm 09/09/11 [8]Sec-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/2-BUTANOL. htm 09/09/11 [9]Tert-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/TERTBUTYL%20ALCOHOL 09/10/11 [10] Isopropyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/petrochemical/ISOPROPANOL. htm 09/10/11 [11]Acetaldehyde. www. ntp. niehs. nih. gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s001acet. df09/10/11 [12]n-butyraldehyde. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/organic/N-BUTYRALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 [13]Benzaldehyde. www. chemicalland21. com/specialtychem/perchem/BENZALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 [14]Solubility of Things. www. solubilityofthings. com/water/alcohols 09/09/11 [15]Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones. www. ipfw. edu/chem/112/kimble/3-Alcohol%20Aldehyde%20Ketones. pdf 09/10/11 From scientific journals: [16]Ennis, J. L. and E. S. Shanley. â€Å"Silver Nitrides. † Journal of Chemical Education (1991): 68, A6. â€Å"Silver Nitrides. † Journal of Chemical Education (1991): 68, A6.